How Your Body Heals After You Quit Smoking

How Your Body Heals After You Quit Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit Print How Your Body Heals After You Quit Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Armeen Poor, MD on January 29, 2020 Armeen Poor, MD, is a board-certified pulmonologist and intensivist. He specializes in pulmonary health, critical care, and sleep medicine. Learn about our Medical Review Board Armeen Poor, MD on January 29, 2020 Verywell / JR Bee More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Within 24 Hours of Quitting Within 72 Hours of Quitting Within Two Weeks of Quitting Within Three Months of Quitting Within Nine Months of Quitting By the End of Year One View All Back To Top As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S. There is a general perception among smokers that any harm caused to the lungs is irreversible, and thats not entirely true. While you cant necessarily undo the  structural damage, the function of the lungs can improve significantly once cigarettes have been removed from the equation. According to research published in 2009 in the journal Respiratory Medicine, people with mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can expect to experience normalization of lung function decline within a year of quitting.?? What this means is that the rate of decline considered normal with age was no different from someone who had never smoked before. Even in people with severe COPD, the rate of decline (as measured by the forced expiratory volume in one second, or FEV1) was cut by half after one year of sustained abstinence from smoking.?? With that being said, you dont have to wait a year to start experiencing the benefits of smoking cessation. In fact, the changes will start to occur within minutes, hours, and days of quitting. Within 24 Hours of Quitting If you are a heavy smoker, your body will immediately realize when the chain-smoking cycle is broken. This is because tobacco smoke causes the reactive constriction of blood vessels in the body. When the smoke is removed, the constriction will start to cease, resulting in lower blood pressure, pulse rate, and your body temperature will start to return to normal.?? After eight hours of living smoke-free, the carbon monoxide levels in your blood will also drop, while the blood oxygen levels will start to normalize (meaning that more oxygen is reaching your cells and tissues).?? Within 72 Hours of Quitting Nicotine withdrawal symptoms are typically at their worst during the first 72 hours of quitting, and gradually subside from there.?? Within 48 hours, your taste and smell receptors will start to heal, shifting from their abnormally flattened state to a more normal, rounded configuration. Damaged nerve cells will also self-repair as the insulating membrane, called myelin, gradually rebuilds itself around exposed nerve endings.?? One day after quitting, your risk of heart attack starts to go down. Within Two Weeks of Quitting After the first 72 hours, your peak withdrawal symptoms will start to decrease,?? although the cigarette cravings can still persist. In the days and weeks that follow, you should start breathing easier, your circulation will improve, and your cravings should ease.?? Within Three Months of Quitting Over the course of the first few months, you will experience many of the more obvious improvements in lung function. By week six, many COPD patients will have nearly doubled their FEV1. While these improvements may not be as dramatic moving forward, they tend to continue gradually in people with mild to moderate COPD and remain relatively stable for people with severe COPD.?? By the end of week six, the withdrawal symptoms (including anger, anxiety, depression, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, and restlessness) will have largely disappeared. Within Nine Months of Quitting The three-month mark can a tricky time for ex-smokers. People will often say that they feel a sudden letdown as the physical improvements taper off while the cigarette cravings persist (albeit at a lesser rate). This doesnt mean that your health isnt continuing to improve. In fact, the tiny, finger-like projections in your respiratory tract, called cilia, will have regrown during the first six to nine month, making it easier to clear debris and mucus from your lungs. While this may actually increase  coughing, it is more a sign that your lungs are getting stronger and trying to heal themselves.?? As a result, you should start feeling more energized and be able to perform daily activities with less shortness of breath and fatigue. By the End of Year One By the end of Year One, the rate of decline of lung function will have reached near-normal levels in people with mild to moderate COPD. By contrast, individuals with severe COPD will often experience a leveling off of their earlier gains or even a slight reversal, according to research from the National Heart and Lung Institute in London published in 2014.?? This doesnt mean that youre going backward but rather that you need ongoing COPD treatment to further slow the progression of the disease. Weight gain is another a common concern among ex-smokers, with studies published in 2009 suggesting an average gain of 8.4 percent in women and 6.8 percent in men by the end of the first year. Unless efforts are made to curb eating and increase exercise, additional weight gain can be expected by the end of 24 months, most notably in women. Despite these potential setbacks, the benefits of smoking cessation remain inarguable. About 15 years of being smoke-free, your risk of stroke, lung cancer and heart disease will be about the same as people who never smoked.

Plato vs Aristotle Essay - 1835 Words

In ancient Greece two great written philosophers lived. First there was Plato and then Aristotle. Aristotle was a pupil of Plato. Despite being taught by Plato they had different theories and views. Their ethics were very typical and traditional of ancient Greece but Aristotle detailed virtue ethics and the path to happiness. Plato’s political theories for a utopian society varied from Aristotle’s view of ‘best state for each society’. Their metaphysical theories are complete opposites and very contradicting. Even though Plato and Aristotle came from the same era and were closely linked they had very different philosophies. Plato had typical views of ethics for an ancient Greek. Aristotle shared these views he was more specific about†¦show more content†¦This was Aristotle’s theory of the Golden Mean.†(Pacquette 268) Aristotle thought that true happiness could only happen when people live a balanced life, Plato also agreed. â€Å"The ethics of both Plato and Aristotle contain echoes of Greek medicine: only by exercising balance and temperance will achieve a happy or ‘harmonious’ life.† (Gaarder 115) Both Plato and Aristotle agreed that a balanced life is a good life, and that with reason people will make morally good choices but Aristotle believed that this did not come naturally. He felt that â€Å"moral virtue is the result of habit and training. Because if this, he believed that people can be taught to be virtuous. He said that people must know- the deliberately choose to do- what is good.†(Pacquette 269) Aristotle and Plato had very similar views on e thics due to both living in the same era in ancient Greece. Political and social theories between the two philosophers were very different. Plato had very Totalitarian or even communist views for state government. He in his novel The Republic, he describes in much detail his utopian society. He felt society should be organized into three groups: â€Å"rulers, auxiliaries and labourers.†(Gaarder 91) The rulers or guardian class would have reason; education and intelligence this would make them well suited for leadership. Plato called these rulers ‘Philosopher Kings’, they would rule for the good of all in the society. PhilosopherShow MoreRelatedPlato vs. Aristotle2421 Words   |  10 PagesBy Gerard Chretien Plato vs. Aristotle Numerous experts in modern time regard Plato as the first genuine political philosopher and Aristotle as the first political scientist. They were both great thinkers in regards to, in part with Socrates, being the foundation of the great western philosophers. Plato and Aristotle each had ideas in how to proceed with improving the society in which they were part of during their existence. It is necessary therefore to analyze their different theoreticalRead MorePlato vs. Aristotle1952 Words   |  8 PagesPlato vs. Aristotle Plato and Aristotle, two philosophers in the 4th century, hold polar views on politics and philosophy in general. This fact is very cleverly illustrated by Raphaels School of Athens (1510-11; Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican), where Plato is portrayed looking up to the higher forms; and Aristotle is pointing down because he supports the natural sciences. In a discussion of politics, the stand point of each philosopher becomes an essential factor. It is not coincidentalRead MorePlato Vs Aristotle Vs Plato1814 Words   |  8 PagesPlato and Aristotle had a considerable amount of differences in ideology given that Aristotle was Plato’s student for roughly two decades. Plato, a student of Socrates, opposed the idea of average citizens to participate in politics because he believed that political practice was skill or â€Å"technÄ“ that can only be achieved by a few people. He believed that â€Å"kings must be those among them who have proved best both in philosophy and where war is concerned.† (Republic, 491) and that these â€Å"philosopherRead More Aristotle vs. Plato Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle vs. Plato Excellence is a function which renders excellent the thing of which it is a function is Plato’s definition of virtue. What does this definition really mean though? Plato and Aristotle both had their own unique arguments devoted to the topic at hand, and their own ways of describing what virtue really is. Defining virtue may seem to be an easy taste, but to truly understand the arguments behind the definition can prove to be very challenging.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before discussing virtueRead MorePlato Vs Aristotle : Determining Good1668 Words   |  7 Pages Plato vs. Aristotle: Determining Good In this paper, I will present both Plato and Aristotle’s arguments for what their personal views are on determining good. Plato believed that knowing good was equal to doing good. He said that if a person knows the right thing that will automatically lead him to do the right thing. Aristotle on the other hand believed that knowing good was not enough to be good. He believed that one had to practice good if one is to be good. Plato was idealistic. He believedRead MorePlato vs. Aristotle: Virtue1656 Words   |  7 Pages201 November 12, 2013 Anna Umstead Plato and Aristotle, arguably two of the most influential Greek philosophers, discussed their differing views on virtue extensively throughout many of their works. Although they agree that virtue is a desirable characteristic that will lead to happiness, the ultimate good, there exists between the two philosophies salient differences. While Plato believes only philosophers are capable of true, inherent virtue, Aristotle believes all men can be virtuous with practiceRead MoreViolence in the Arts Ââ€" Plato vs. Aristotle Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in The Arts Ââ€" Plato vs. Aristotle Nowadays, it is hard to turn on a television program, catch a movie or buy your younger sibling a video game without encountering a warning for extreme violence. Everyday, our lives are exposed to violence on the screen, whether it is in the latest Sopranos episode or even watching the six oclock news. For quite a while now, people have been demanding that stricter censorship be placed on the media, especially those programs and video games that canRead MoreEssay about Aristotle vs Plato1665 Words   |  7 Pages Aristotle is considered by many to be one of the most influential philosophers in history. As a student of Plato, he built on his mentor’s metaphysical teachings of things like The Theory of Forms and his views on the soul. However, he also challenged them, introducing his own metaphysical ideas such as act and potency, hylemorphism, and the four causes. He used these ideas to explain his account of the soul and the immateriality of intellect. Prior to Aristotle, philosophers likeRead MoreJustice: Plato vs. Aristotle Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesPlato and Aristotle, arguably the most important philosophers of their time, both made attempts to define justice. Being that Aristotle was a student of Plato, their ideas share many similarities. Both viewed justice as the harmonious interaction of people in a society. However, Plato defined his ideal of justice with more usage of metaphysics, invoking his Form of the Good, while Aristotle took a more practical approach, speaking in terms of money and balance. Although Aristotles ideal of justiceRead More Plato Vs. Aristotle on Art Essay1997 Words   |  8 Pagesthe next generation. Plato, a Greek philosopher who lived during 420-348 B.C. in Athens, and Aristotle, Plato’s student who argued against his beliefs, have no exceptions to the steps they had to take in order to understand the purpose of art and artists. Though these two philosophers made marvelous discoveries about the existence of art, artists, and aesthetic experience, Plato has made his works more controversial than Aristotle. During the ancient times in Greece, Plato was the first human to

The Iceman Lost in the Italian Alps 5,000 Years Ago

Otzi the Iceman, also called Similaun Man, Hauslabjoch Man or even Frozen Fritz, was discovered in 1991, eroding out of a glacier in the Italian Alps near the border between Italy and Austria. The human remains are of a Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic man who died in 3350-3300 BC. Because he ended up in a crevasse, his body was perfectly preserved by the glacier in which he was found, rather than crushed by the glaciers movements in the last 5,000 years. The remarkable level of preservation has allowed archaeologists the first detailed look into clothing, behavior, tool use and diet of the period. So Who Was Otzi the Iceman? The Iceman stood about 158 cm (52) tall  and weighed about 61 kg (134 lbs). He was rather short compared to most European males of the time, but sturdily built. He was in his mid-40s, and his strong leg muscles and overall fitness suggest that he may have spent his life herding sheep and goats up and down the Tyrolean Alps. He died about 5200 years ago, in the late spring. His health was fair for the period -- he had arthritis in his joints and he had whipworm, which would have been quite painful. Otzi had several tattoos on his body, including a cross on the inside of his left knee; six parallel straight lines arranged in two rows on his back above his kidneys, each about 6 inches long; and several parallel lines on his ankles. Some have argued that tattooing may have been some sort of acupuncture. Clothing and Equipment The Iceman carried a range of tools, weapons, and containers. An animal skin quiver contained arrow-shafts made of viburnum and hazelwood, sinews and spare points. A copper ax head with a yew haft and leather binding, a small flint knife, and a pouch with a flint scraper and an  awl were all included in the artifacts found with him. He carried a yew bow, and researchers at first thought the man had been a hunter-gatherer by trade, but additional evidence makes it clear he was a pastoralist  -- a Neolithic herder. Otzis clothing included a belt, loincloth, and goat-skin leggings with suspenders, not unlike lederhosen. He wore a bearskin cap, outer cape, and coat made of woven grass and moccasin-type shoes made from deer and bear leather. He stuffed those shoes with moss and grasses, no doubt for insulation and comfort. The Icemans Last Days Otzis stable isotopic signature suggests that he was probably born near the confluence of the Eisack and Rienz rivers of Italy, near where the town of Brixen is today, but that as an adult, he lived in the lower Vinschgau valley, not far from where he was eventually found. The Icemans stomach held cultivated wheat, possibly consumed as bread; game meat, and dried sloe plums. Blood traces on the stone arrow points he carried with him are from four different people, suggesting he had participated in a fight for his life. Further analysis of the contents of his stomach and intestines have allowed researchers to describe his last two to three days as both hectic and violent. During this time he spent time in the high pastures of the Otzal valley, then walked down to the village in the Vinschgau valley. There he was involved in a violent confrontation, sustaining a deep cut on his hand. He fled back to the Tisenjoch ridge where he died. Moss and the Iceman Four important mosses were found in Otzis intestines and reported in 2009 by JH Dickson and colleagues. Mosses are not food -- theyre not tasty,  nor nutritious. So what were they doing there? Neckera complanata and Anomodon viticulosus. These two species of moss are found on lime-rich, shady rocks in woodlands, growing close to and south of where Otzi was found, but not north. The presence of them inside Otzi probably came from their use as food-wrapping and suggests that Otzi wrapped his last meal south of where he died.Hymenostylium recurvirostrum This species of moss is known to hang about on marble. The only outcrop of marble in the vicinity of Otzis body is on the Pfelderer Tal, suggesting that at least on one of his last journeys, Otzi climbed into the Alps westwards up the Pfelderer Tal.Sphagnum imbricatum Hornsch: Sphagnum moss doesnt grow in the South Tyrol where Otzi died. Its a bog moss  and the only likely location within walking distance of where he died, is the broad, low-lying valley of Vinschgau, where Otzi resided for his adult life. Sphagnum moss has a specific ethnographic use as dressings for wounds  because it is soft and absorbent. Otzis hand was deeply cut 3 to 8  days before he died, and researchers think its possible that this moss was used to staunch his wound, and was transferred to his food from the dressings on his hand. Death of the Iceman Before Otzi died, he had suffered two fairly serious wounds, in addition to a blow to the head. One the deep cut to his right palm and the other was a wound in his left shoulder. In 2001, conventional x-rays and computed tomography revealed a stone arrowhead embedded in that shoulder. A research team led by Frank Jakobus Rà ¼hli at the  Swiss Mummy Project  at the University of Zurich used multislice computed tomography, a non-invasive computer scanning process used in detecting heart disease, to examine Otzis body. They discovered a 13-mm tear in an artery within the Icemans torso.  Otzi  appears to have suffered massive bleeding as a result of the tear, which eventually killed him. Researchers believe that the Iceman was sitting in a semi-upright position when he died. Around the time he died, someone pulled the arrow shaft out of Otzis body, leaving the arrowhead still embedded in his chest. Recent Discoveries in the 2000s Two reports, one in  Antiquity  and one in the  Journal of Archaeological Science, were published in the fall of 2011. Groenman-van Waateringe reported that pollen from  Ostrya carpinfolia  (hop hornbeam) found in Otzis gut likely represented the use of hop hornbeam bark as a medication. Ethnographic and historical pharmacological data lists several medicinal uses for hop hornbeam, with painkilling, gastric problems and nausea as some of the treated symptoms. Gostner et al. reported a detailed analysis of radiological studies on the Iceman. The Iceman was x-rayed and examined using computed tomography in 2001 and using multi-slice CT in 2005. These tests revealed that Otzi had had a full meal shortly before his death, suggesting that although he may have been chased through the mountains during the last day of his life, he was able to stop and have a full meal consisting of ibex and deer meat, sloe plums and wheat bread. In addition, he lived a life that included strenuous walking in high altitudes  and suffered from knee pain. Otzis  Burial Ritual? In 2010, Vanzetti and colleagues argued that, despite earlier interpretations, it is possible that Otzis remains represent an intentional, ceremonial burial. Most scholars have agreed that Otzi was the victim of an accident or a murder and that he died on the mountaintop where he was discovered. Vanzetti and colleagues based their interpretations of Otzi as a formal burial on the placement of objects around Otzis body, the presence of unfinished weaponry, and the mat, which they argue was a funeral shroud. Other scholars (Carancini et al and Fasolo et al) have supported that interpretation. A  gallery  in the journal  Antiquity, however, disagrees, stating that forensic, taphonomic and botanical evidence supports the original interpretation. See  The Iceman is Not a Burial  discussion for further information. Otzi is currently on display in the  South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. Detailed zoom-able photographs of the Iceman have been collected in the  Iceman photoscan  site, assembled by the Eurac, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman. Sources Dickson, James. Six mosses from the Tyrolean Iceman’s alimentary tract and their significance for his ethnobotany and the events of his last days. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, Wolfgang Karl Hofbauer, Ron Porley, et al., ReserchGate, January 2008. Ermini L, Olivieri C, Rizzi E, Corti G, Bonnal R, Soares P, Luciani S, Marota I, De Bellis G, Richards MB et al. 2008.  Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman.  Current Biology  18(21):1687-1693. Festi D, Putzer A, and Oeggl K. 2014.  Mid and late Holocene land-use changes in the Ãâ€"tztal Alps, territory of the Neolithic Iceman â€Å"Ãâ€"tzi†.  Quaternary International  353(0):17-33. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.052 Gostner P, Pernter P, Bonatti G, Graefen A, and Zink AR. 2011.  New radiological insights into the life and death of the Tyrolean Iceman.  Journal of Archaeological Science  38(12):3425-3431. Groenman-van Waateringe W. 2011.  The Icemans last days – the testimony of Ostrya carpinifolia  Antiquity  85(328):434-440. Maderspacher F. 2008.  Quick Guide: Ãâ€"tzi.  Current Biology  18(21):R990-R991. Miller G. 2014.  The bare necessities.  New Scientist  221(2962):41-42. doi: 10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60636-9 Ruff CB, Holt BM, Slà ¡dek V, Berner M, MurphyJr. WA, zur Nedden D, Seidler H, and Recheis W. 2006.  Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean â€Å"Iceman†.  Journal of Human Evolution  51(1):91-101. Vanzetti A, Vidale M, Gallinaro M, Frayer DW, and Bondioli L. 2010.  The Iceman as a burial.  Antiquity  84(325):681-692. Zink A, Graefen A, Oeggl K, Dickson JH, Leitner W, Kaufmann G, Fleckinger A, Gostner P, and Egarter Vigl E. 2011.  The Iceman is not a burial: reply to Vanzetti et al.  (2010).  Antiquity  85(328).

Solar Energy Outline Free Essays

Solar Energy Outline: Abstract Recently, the solar energy technology market has experienced phenomenal growth. Due to growing public awareness of environmental issues, clean energy research funding has increased. This funding increase has created dramatic technological improvements. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Energy Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Compared with traditional energy, solar energy is showing many remarkable advantages. Despite its technical and economic limitations in the present, it is expected that solar energy will play an important role in the transportation sector in the future. Key words: Solar energy; Solar panels; Solar technology; Solar power; Solar energy policy. Background Knowledge of Solar Energy 1. Status of Solar Energy Technology 1. 1 Potential of Solar Energy 1. 2 Photovoltaics 1. 3 Solar Thermal heating and cooling 2. Development of Solar Energy Technologies 2. 1 History of Solar Energy Technologies 2. 2 Barriers in Solar Energy Utilization 3. Life Cycle Analysis of Solar and Non-Solar Energy 3. 1 Comparison for Centralized Power Generation Technologies 3. 2 Comparison for Distributed Power Generation Technologies 3. 3 Comparison of the LCOEs for Distributed and Central Station Renewable Energy Technologies 4. Policy supporting Solar Energy Development (Solar Thermal Heating and Electric) 4. European countries’ Policy (Germany) 4. 2 United States 4. 3 Asian Developing Countries (China and India) 5. Carbon Finance Mechanisms and Solar Energy Development 5. 1 Clean Development Mechanisms 5. 2 Barriers in the CDM 5. 3 Improvement of the CDM 6. Solar Energy Supply in Future 6. 1 Photovoltaics 6. 2 Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling 6. 3 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 7. Conclusion 7. 1 Advantage from Solar Energy 7. 2 Confines and Prospects References John Byrne, World Solar Energy Review: Technology, markets and Polices, Environment and Energy Unit, Development Research Group, The World Bank Aldo Steinfeld, Solar thermochemical production of hydrogen––a review, 0038-092X/ $ doi:10. 1016/j. solener. 2003. 12. 012, Solar Energy. Nathan S. Lewis, Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization, PNAS October 24, 2006 vol. 103 no. 43 15729–15735 R. D. Schaller, High Efficiency Carrier Multiplication in PbSe Nanocrystals: Implications for Solar Energy Conversion, Physical Review Letters Volume 92 Number 18, May 2004 Solar Energy Industries Association. (2004). Our solar power future: The US photovoltaics industry roadmap through 2030 and beyond. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. How to cite Solar Energy Outline, Papers

History Dbq free essay sample

Despite the common English backgrounds, societies in the New England and Chesapeake regions of Colonial America had split off into two incredibly different cultures: A very religiously focused New England and the more economic-oriented Chesapeake. Because these regions were settled for different purposes, the development of these societies led to the distinctions between them. One of the major causes for emigration from England to North America was religious persecution. Religious tolerance in Britain for other Christian sects besides the Anglican church was virtually nonexistent, resulting in many members of other sects to seek religious haven in the colonies. The vast majority of immigrants coming to New England were followers of Puritanism who traveled to North America for strictly religious reasons. As shown by Document B, the first member listed (and therefore most prominent figure) on of one of the ships bound for New England was a minister, underlining the importance aspiring New Englanders placed on their Puritan beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on History Dbq or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Consequently, the cities created by these pilgrims were built with Puritan customs in mind, establishing towns under strict guidelines conforming to things such as a religious town leader and how much real estate is distributed among the residents (Document D). Desire to achieve the ideal Puritan city stretched out across all of New England, as shown by Boston, Massachusetts who’s mayor John Winthrop wanted it to model the ideal Christian city, a â€Å"city upon a hill† that provided other Puritan towns a perfect example of what to be like (Document A). This overarching religious influence defined every aspect of New England society from blatantly patriarchal domestic life to the superstitious paranoia that led to the misguided hunting of witches. New England towns also put an emphasis on education, mostly so people could be able to read the bible. Harvard, in fact, was established to train members of the clergy rather than providing educations in philosophy and science. New England immigrants arrived in North America with religious intent, and so it was that their society was defined by their religious customs. Contrary to the pilgrims of New England, those who settled in the Chesapeake area colonized the region for more economic purposes. Many people who settled in the Chesapeake were down-on-their-luck English citizens living in swamps and slums hoping to stake it out in the New World, because it couldn’t be much worse than the conditions they faced back in England. Most received their tickets to America through indentured servitude, paying for their trip with a few years of free labor for a wealthy master. Document C is a roster of indentured servants bound for Virginia who are all set to work for the same master. Indentured servitude had long lasting effects on the colonies, the most impactful being Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 (Document H). This uprising was caused former indentured servants who had no land or property of their own once their work contracts expired. Because the land westward was populated by Natives and therefore almost impossible to acquire, the dissenters focused against the rich and powerful members of the colonies. The successful uprising led to reforms such as work regulations explained in Document E, as well a shift away from indentured servitude and towards slavery of blacks. Other settlers besides indentured servants were aspiring traders and gold-hunters mentioned in Document F. While traders had little success early on and treasure hunters definitely didn’t find their fields of gold, they did help establish a more economic focus in the Chesapeake region. One major result of this was the development of a merchant class that wasn’t seen in New England. These merchants were responsible for the large amounts of overseas trade done with Europe and the West Indies that occurred in the Chesapeake region. However with this trade-based society came boom bust economy cycles and an attack on Virginia by Dutch pirates in 1673 (Document G). Education wasn’t nearly as important as it was up North since most young people learned a trade rather than going to school and learning to read scripture. Settlers in the Chesapeake area arrived with the intent of economic success, creating a more labor-based culture that made religion take a backseat to things like trade and property. Whereas the New England part of colonial America was settled by Puritans looking to model their cities after their religious beliefs, the Chesapeake area was populated by people looking out for their economic interests. The simple differences in intentions for immigration proved to be the reason for the formation of a fundamentalist society and a trading society.

History of the Telescope

Introduction Telescope is an instrument used to observe minute objects. It has the capability of collecting and analyzing radiations from objects that are at a distance. It has an electromagnetic spectrum that helps to magnify the size of an image when taking a photograph.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Telescope specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Information is also collected/ gathered through image sensor. There are various types of telescopes that are operational but the most common one is called optical telescope (Dupre 2008, p. 250). This category of telescope has mirrors / lens that are used to magnify objects that are at distance or help to increase the brightness of objects that are faint. Furthermore, optical telescopes are classified under three categories. One of them is called refractors. This kind of telescopes use lenses to magnify objects also called dioptics. The second is called ref lectors and use mirrors for magnification also called catoptrics. The third category is known as catadioptric. This uses both mirrors and lenses to magnify objects. Background information The history of telescope dates back from 1608 when the first refracting optical telescope was invented. The telescope recorded for the first time in Netherlands. The invention is credited to Lippershey Hans and Janseen Zacharias in Middelburg, who used to make spectacles. Another important contributor who was also a manufacturer of instruments as well as optician was Metius Jacob came from Alkmaar. Later on, Galileo improved these inventions. He was later accredited as the first person to use his telescope in astronomy. In his telescope, he adopted the designs that were used by Hans.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hans’ design had used a concave eye lens and convex objective lens, which he ad opted. His new telescope therefore was an improvement to that of Hans and it was popularly known as the Galilean telescope. This was not to be end of the journey in terms of improvement of the telescope. Kepler Johannes came with a proposal that sort to improve on the Galileo telescope. His new design was to be made using convex eyepiece. The telescope was also named after the founder – Keplerian telescope. The invention of achromatic during 18th century brought about great development as refractors were used in the telescopes (Consolmagno Dun 1989). This kind of telescope solved the problem of chromatic aberration that was witnessed in the Keplerian telescopes. The new telescopes had the potential of functioning in shorter instruments that had large objectives. However, this was not to be the end of the road as new ideas cropped up among scientists. Important figures such as Giovanin Sagredo, Isaac Newton and James Gregory worked on various studies to improve on the telesco pes. Improvements in reflecting telescopes saw the parabolic mirror improved in 18th century, and then silver-coated glass mirrors were adopted in 19th century. The invention reached its peak in 20th century when the mirrors were coated with aluminum that could last long. By the middle of 20th century, cataddioptric telescopes were invented, which provided satisfactory services. One of the popular models of this kind of telescope is Schmidt camera. This camera used both mirrors and lens to magnify objects that are at distance and to make faint objects appear brighter (Mark, Maureen Ahmed 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Telescope specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It could also be used in imaging without using spherical aberration. By late 20th century, more sophisticated/advanced telescopes such as space telescope and adaptive optics had been invented to be used by an astronologist in viewin g distance objects and carrying out their researches. Currently, more sophisticated and advanced telescopes are being invented that provide fine imaging. The history of telescope is therefore very long. Development of these instruments has faced a lot of challenges but scientists are succeeding in their inventions. Development of telescope to the largest The advancement /development of the telescope has kept on improving as the years went on. From the Catadioptric telescopes, which operated at between 300nm-1100nm, came infrared, radio and millimeter wave, x-rays, ultraviolet and gamma rays that were used in larger areas due to their advanced capability. Infrared telescopes operate at a wider range. They are used in examining emissions that come from the gas clouds. When they are used, they are usually located in areas of high altitude because water vapor in the atmosphere absorbs some of the radiations that are transmitted. This kind of telescope was used by the NASA in 1983. It wa s able to survey the sky opening new avenues for the astronomers on various issues in the sky leading to discoveries. The infrared telescopes were further improved leading to invention of other new kinds of infrared telescopes like infrared optimized telescope. This telescope has a diameter of 8m facility and was used at Mauna Kea in the city of Hawaii (Coward 2001, p. 1922). Radio astronomy is yet another kind of telescope that was invented during the World War II. This telescope has the capability of examining radio emissions that are coming from the sky.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Radio telescopes, which were developed in early 20th century, were simple compared to the current ones. Their antenna was made from wires. The dish was introduced in 1950 and gained popularity as most astronomers used it in their studies. Large telescope were built in the mid-20th century during the Second World War. Their development can be summarized into six major categories since the Second World War. The latest largest telescope was called the Hale telescopes. Its core founder was Geoffrey Hale who succumbed to death in 1938. The telescope was completed under the management and direction of Max Mason, who was the president of Rockefeller foundation and died in 1961(Antoni 2011, P. 34). Under the diminishing returns/ new tools, was oschin Schmidt telescope. This was also large and during that time, the telescope could not be made larger any more because of some limitations: thermal stability required thinner and small mirrors, the atmospheric pressure had some problems and fabri cating big mirror was a challenge. The third category was the MMT and Keck telescopes. These telescopes solved/addressed the problems that were experienced in the diminishing returns era. An example of such telescope was Mount Hopkins multiple mirror telescope (Gehrz 2010, P. 1004). The fourth generation was adaptive optics and modern optical interfrometry, which were very thin with a size of around 20 centimeters in thickness. The fifth generation was called very large telescope/ large binocular telescope. They had four telescopes that could function separately. They have a unitary mirror measuring 8.2 meters in its diameter (Ali, Eftekhar, Adibi Farid 2012, p. 46). Other new telescopes include US overwhelmingly large telescope OWL. They were extra larger and were found not to function properly. The telescopes have revolutionized and the modern telescopes are known as computer revolution. These kinds of telescopes are installed with electrical systems that help in production of di gital data instead of the usual photographic images. The adaptive mirror and the alt azimuth mountings function as control system. Examples of these telescopes include Telescope, Technologies Ltd, vista telescope and Sloan digital sky survey SDSS. These telescopes have a wider diameter compared to other versions (Huiyun, Zhenhai Jinbao 2012, p. 25). Since the early 20th century, many more innovations and developments have been invented. Advanced telescopes that were applicable to different situations became a reality. They also could be used to view very wide distances into the sky compared to the earlier ones. Plans for the future As time goes by and technology advances, various institutions dealing with research are also working hard to ensure that they develop telescopes that will be used in future to assist in their studies. As time elapses, the environmental changes require change of telescopes that will be able to provide sufficient information or discovery for planning. Ther efore, to ensure that the future is well guaranteed, various research organizations have teamed up to develop advanced telescopes for the same purpose (Tucker Tucker 1986). For instance, Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Science [ARIES], a research institute functioning under the department of science and technology together with the India government have teamed up to develop an optical telescope 1.3 m and 3.6 m at the Devasthal in Nainital. Other institutes that are also contributing to the development of a 3.6 m telescope include Bangalore, Tata institute of fundamental to research and India institute of Astrophysics (Sagar 2011, p. 1020). They are working from Mumbai. Belgium and Russia are also participating in the project under the bilateral arrangements that require cooperation in issues to do with science and technology in India. Plans are also underway to set up two more survey telescope that are meant for specific purposes. One of the telescopes is 0.5-m wide field, which is equivalent to 25 square degrees. This telescope is called Schmidt and is being carried out at the Manora peak. The telescope is being designed behind the scenes. A baker Numm satellite, which is a tracking camera, is the telescope that is being changed or converted to the Schmidt telescope. The second telescope is called liquid mirror telescope and has 4-m. it is planed to be set at Devasthal (Sagar 2011, p. 1020). The new and modern telescope 3.6 m that is expected to be set is designed to provide high spectral resolution. Therefore, this telescope will have the capability of seeing limited images that are not visible and those that are near infrared. Furthermore, the telescope is expected to be used in follow up studies of some of the issues/sources that were identified in the sky using radio region such as UV/X ray (Sagar 2011, p. 1020). New technologies used to meet the need of large increasing telescopes The larger telescopes are very heavy and therefore require invention of new technologies that are able to support them. For instance, some of the telescopes are made using trusses as opposed to tubes. The idea behind this is to ensure that the telescopes are well supported even during windy climate. Tubes cannot support the weight of the telescopes because they are weak and vulnerable to wind. Therefore, many of the large professional telescopes are trusses. Some of the larger telescopes are made using carbon tubes. These are athermalized compared to truss telescopes. This therefore makes them have high stability because they are not 100 percent made out of aluminum. They are further protected from the strays of light, which are useful in imaging during the way. Extra larger telescopes are designed with special infrastructure that supports them. Most of the big telescopes are placed on a special designed surface for their support. Others are built in-house and afterwards taken to strategic positions that are well prepared to support them w hile they are being used by the researchers to carry out their investigations. Therefore, as the telescopes development has advanced, appropriate technologies are improvised to ensure that they are well taken care of to ensure that the purpose for which they were invented is achieved. Conclusion It is apparent from the discussion that the history of telescope has come from far. The journey was cozy and full of challenges. However, with the determination and dedication of researchers, they have managed to develop and come up with innovations that have proved successful. Even though more large and sophisticated telescopes have been invented, the quest is still on and researchers are carrying their studies on how they can improve these instruments. The future is unknown but scientists are putting in more efforts to come up with more advanced telescopes that can be counted on in terms of discovering new things in the sky. List of References Ali, H, Eftekhar, A, Adibi, A, Farid, A. 2011 . ‘A Kalman filter based synchronization scheme for telescope array receivers in deep-space optical communication links’, In Optics Communications, vol. 4 no. 4, pp. 5-62. Antoni, R 2011, ‘Review: Progress in focal plane array technologies’, In Progress in Quantum Electronics, vol. 5 no. 3, pp. 34-50. Consolmagno, G Dun, M 1989, Turn Left at Orion, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Coward, D 2011, ‘The Zadko telescope: A resource for science education enrichment’, In Advances in Space Research, vol. 47 no. 11, pp. 1922-1930. Dupre, S 2008, ‘Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes’, Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 61 no. 1, pp. 250-252. Gehrz, R 2010, ‘Status of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)’, In Advances in Space Research, vol. 48 no. 6, pp. 1004-1016. Huiyun, W, Zhenhai, S, Jinbao, C. 2012. ‘Optimizations’, In Optics and Laser Technology, vol. 2 no. 2, pp. 25 -30. Mark, H, Maureen, S, Ahmed, Y. 2001. Encyclopedia of Space Science Technology, John Wiley Sons, New York. Sagar, R 2011, ‘The new 130-cm optical telescope at Devasthal, Nainital’, Current Science (00113891), vol. 101 no. 8, pp. 1020-1023. Tucker, W Tucker, K 1986, The Cosmic Inquirers, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 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How to Add Leading Zeroes to a Number (Delphi Format)

How to Add Leading Zeroes to a Number (Delphi Format) Different applications require specific values to conform to structural paradigms. For example, Social Security numbers are always nine digits long. Some reports require that numbers be displayed with a fixed amount of characters. Sequence numbers, for example, usually start with 1 and increment without end, so theyre displayed with leading zeroes to present a visual appeal. As a Delphi programmer, your approach to adding a number with leading zeroes depends on the specific use case for that value. You can simply opt to pad a display value, or you can convert a number to a string for storage in a database. Display Padding Method Use a straightforward function to change how your number displays. Use  format to make the  conversion by supplying a value for  length (the total length of the final output) and the number you want to pad: str : Format(%.*d,[length, number]) To pad the number 7 with two leading zeroes, plug those values into the code: str : Format(%.*d,[3, 7]); The result is  007  with the value returned as a string.   Convert to String Method Use a padding function to append leading zeroes (or any other character) any time you need it within your script. To convert values that are already integers, use: function LeftPad(value:integer; length:integer8; pad:char0): string; overload;  begin     result : RightStr(StringOfChar(pad,length) IntToStr(value), length );  end; If the value to be converted is already a string, use: function LeftPad(value: string; length:integer8; pad:char0): string; overload;begin  Ã‚  Ã‚  result : RightStr(StringOfChar(pad,length) value, length );end; This approach works with Delphi 6 and later editions. Both of these code blocks default to a padding character of 0  with a length of seven  returned characters; those values may be modified to meet your needs. When  LeftPad  is called, it returns values according to the specified paradigm. For example, if you set an integer value to 1234, calling LeftPad: i: 1234;r : LeftPad(i); will return a string value of 0001234.